{"id":55057,"date":"2025-06-19T08:13:19","date_gmt":"2025-06-19T07:13:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/valuesque.com\/en\/?page_id=55057"},"modified":"2025-06-26T17:53:41","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T16:53:41","slug":"valuation-and-analysis-for-financial-investors","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/valuesque.com\/en\/cases-stories\/valuation-and-analysis-for-financial-investors\/","title":{"rendered":"Cases &#038; Stories_Valuation_and_analysis_for_financial_investors"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;80&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;4&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;4&#8243; back_image=&#8221;54077&#8243; back_repeat=&#8221;no-repeat&#8221; back_attachment=&#8221;scroll&#8221; back_position=&#8221;center top&#8221; parallax=&#8221;yes&#8221; overlay_color=&#8221;color-190198&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;75&#8243; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243;][vc_column column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; position_vertical=&#8221;bottom&#8221; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; shift_x=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; shift_y_down=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243; medium_width=&#8221;0&#8243; mobile_width=&#8221;0&#8243; width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h1&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h1&#8243; text_color=&#8221;color-xsdn&#8221;]<span class=\"TextRun SCXW158273817 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW158273817 BCX0\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"Title\">Valuation and analysis for financial investors<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW158273817 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:80,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_empty_space empty_h=&#8221;2&#8243;][vc_separator sep_color=&#8221;color-429748&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;5&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h3&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h3&#8243;]<span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162370207 BCX0\">Case: <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162370207 BCX0\">F<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW162370207 BCX0\">airness opinion<\/span>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator el_width=&#8221;22%&#8221; el_height=&#8221;2px&#8221;][vc_column_text]<span data-contrast=\"auto\">We were commissioned by the supervisory board of a listed stock corporation to prepare a fairness opinion as part of the review of a potential company acquisition. The objective of the engagement was to provide a well-founded, objective and comprehensible assessment of whether the transaction in question could be considered appropriate for the company from a financial perspective (due diligence obligations of the Supervisory Board pursuant to Sections 93, 116 AktG, German Stock Corporation Act).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Our approach followed the standard process established in capital market practice for the preparation of fairness opinions: The first step involved a detailed analysis of the acquisition target, in particular the historical and forecast key financial figures, the competitive position, market conditions and relevant strategic synergies. The analysis was supplemented by a qualitative assessment of the management, the operational scalability and the risk structure of the target company. This formed the basis for the plausibility check of the management planning.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Building on this, we developed a holistic valuation model that included both DCF analyses and multiples-based methods. The valuation parameters used were derived on the basis of capital market and transaction data and critically validated with regard to comparability and market relevance. At the same time, the planned transaction structure model &#8211; including purchase price, payment modalities and earn-out components &#8211; was integrated into the overall valuation. In doing so, we identified possible valuation ranges and categorised the planned transaction within this range.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Finally, the fairness opinion was documented in a formalised report that discusses the financial appropriateness of the transaction with regard to the interests of the shareholders. The presentation was clearly structured and tailored to the target audience &#8211; with the aim of providing the Supervisory Board with a sound basis for decision-making as part of its monitoring and approval duties.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_accordion][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Critical points:&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1680062299-1-3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Company analysis and planning plausibility checks against the background of limited reliable information<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Valuation of earn outs<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Why us?&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1682012299-2-61&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">10+ years of experience in investment decisions from an owner&#8217;s perspective (buy side)<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Experience in the combination of balance sheet analysis and company valuation as well as investment decisions<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Literature &amp; Lectures&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1749593864780-2-6&#8243;][vc_column_text]<b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Literature:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Klingel\/Hagel\/Meitner (2025), Earn-Out Klauseln als bedingter Kaufpreisbestandteil bei Unternehmenszusammenschl\u00fcssen \u2013 eine Fallstudie zur Bilanzierung und Bewertung nach IFRS, in: KOR \u2013 Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kapitalmarktorientierte Rechnungslegung, S. 181ff (in German).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lectures &amp; Seminars:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Regularly: Current Update Valuation of EACVA with complex cash flow forecasting topics<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"4\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"1\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">EACVA seminar on business analysis, cash flow forecasting and planning plausibility checks<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][\/vc_accordion][vc_row_inner limit_content=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fservices%2F|title:Services&#8221;]VIEW OUR SERVICES[\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fcontact%2F|title:contact&#8221;]CONTACT US![\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2F|title:About%20Us&#8221;]ABOUT US[\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;5&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h3&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h3&#8243;]<span class=\"TextRun SCXW19289199 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19289199 BCX0\">Case: <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19289199 BCX0\">Financial statement<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19289199 BCX0\"> analysis as part of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW19289199 BCX0\">the investment process<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW19289199 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><br \/>\n[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator el_width=&#8221;22%&#8221; el_height=&#8221;2px&#8221;][vc_column_text]<span data-contrast=\"auto\">We were engaged by a financial investor to perform a forensic financial statement analysis and an adjusted forecast of future short-term earnings and cash flows (and their medium-term potential) for a listed company that had become the focus of a major investment decision. The background to the analysis was an ongoing critical commenting by sell-side analysts of the company&#8217;s accounting practices, particularly with regard to transparency, management judgements and governance structures. The aim of our mandate was to develop an objectifiable, in-depth analytical outside-in understanding of the company&#8217;s actual economic situation and to formulate a robust set of questions to prepare an investor meeting at board level.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Our analysis focussed on a large number of accounting and financial reporting issues which, taken together, indicated a systematically problematic reporting. For example, the presentation of operating performance was characterised by limited transparency over the years. Among other things, this manifested itself in recurring adjustments to the definition of operating segments, highly aggregated key figures and inconsistent non-GAAP presentations. This phenomenon has already been the subject of repeated criticism from analysts, but so far without any in-depth forensic analysis.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A second key area of investigation was the extensive use of lease agreements, the accounting treatment of which under IFRS 16 involved complex measurement estimates. The delineation of operating and financial lease components as well as the underlying terms and discount rates proved to be inconsistent and raised questions regarding the accounting leverage effects. At the same time, we identified a number of transactions with related parties (related party transactions according to IAS 24) which, although mentioned in the notes, were only rudimentarily explained &#8211; particularly with regard to economic substance, pricing and contractual terms. In addition, the applied model of revenue recognition (IFRS 15) also proved to be in need of explanation: the company chose a structurally complex delimitation of performance obligations, which made it difficult to fully understand the revenue recognition process. In some cases, it was unclear whether the criteria for identifying and fulfilling performance obligations were applied completely consistently, particularly in the context of long-term customer contracts.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As part of our detailed analysis, we were able to identify problematic accounting decisions in the area of assets and liabilities. Much more significant, however, was the overarching finding of a structurally aggressive accounting and reporting. Using a holistic analysis approach, which also included elements of corporate governance, incentivisation systems and disclosure practices, we were able to identify a consistent pattern: Accounting decisions that still appeared justifiable in each individual case were systematically intertwined in their combination &#8211; with the effect of overstated earnings and financial strength projections.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">As a result of our analyses, a fully documented analysis model was developed that not only processed the individual risks in a structured manner but also enabled an adjusted forecast of future earnings and cash flows. This resulted in a valid and comprehensible decision-making tool that allowed our client to understand the economic reality behind the published figures and to identify critical areas of discussion for the upcoming board meeting. A catalogue of questions on the main ambiguities completed our service package.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_accordion][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Critical points:&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1680012249-1-3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Financial statement analysis beyond pure numbers<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Integrated analysis of the entire accounting system\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Corporate governance analysis<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Why us?&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1450012299-2-61&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">20+ years of experience in analysing IFRS annual reports<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">High-quality user expertise, membership of the Capital Market Advisory Committee (CMAC) and the EFRAG FR TEG.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"3\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Experience in the combination of balance sheet analysis and company valuation as well as investment decisions<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Literature &amp; Lectures&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1749543864790-2-6&#8243;][vc_column_text]<b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Literature:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Klingel\/Hagel\/Meitner (2025), Earn-Out Klauseln als bedingter Kaufpreisbestandteil bei Unternehmenszusammenschl\u00fcssen \u2013 eine Fallstudie zur Bilanzierung und Bewertung nach IFRS, in: KOR \u2013 Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kapitalmarktorientierte Rechnungslegung, S. 181ff (in German).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"2\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Meitner (2013): Multi-Period Asset Lifetimes and Accounting-Based Equity Valuation: Take Care with Constant-Growth Terminal Value Models!, Abacus 49 (3), p. 340ff.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lectures &amp; Seminars:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">4 April 2025: Forensic Financial Statement Analysis, EBS Business School, Wiesbaden.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">23 September 2023: Behind the Numbers &#8211; What Financial Statements hide (and how you can detect it), EBS Business School, Wiesbaden.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">6 July 2022, Governance and company valuation, Nuremberg Tax Talks, Online<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"4\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">29 March 2021: Expert Insights, Accounting and Business Valuation &#8211; How Accounting Information impacts Business Valuation in Practice, NACVA\/GACVA Around the Valuation World, Online.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;More on the topic&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1745594029260-3-5&#8243;][vc_column_text]<span class=\"TextRun SCXW200014440 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200014440 BCX0\">More on the topic of balance sheet analysis: <\/span><\/span><a class=\"Hyperlink SCXW200014440 BCX0\" href=\"https:\/\/valuesque.com\/en\/news-blog\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"TextRun Underlined SCXW200014440 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200014440 BCX0\" data-ccp-charstyle=\"Hyperlink\">https:\/\/valuesque.com\/en\/news-blog\/<\/span><\/span><\/a><span class=\"TextRun SCXW200014440 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200014440 BCX0\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW200014440 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][\/vc_accordion][vc_row_inner limit_content=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fservices%2F|title:Services&#8221;]VIEW OUR SERVICES[\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fcontact%2F|title:contact&#8221;]CONTACT US![\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2F|title:About%20Us&#8221;]ABOUT US[\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row unlock_row_content=&#8221;yes&#8221; row_height_percent=&#8221;0&#8243; override_padding=&#8221;yes&#8221; h_padding=&#8221;5&#8243; top_padding=&#8221;3&#8243; bottom_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; overlay_alpha=&#8221;50&#8243; gutter_size=&#8221;3&#8243; column_width_percent=&#8221;100&#8243; shift_y=&#8221;0&#8243; z_index=&#8221;0&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/1&#8243;][vc_custom_heading heading_semantic=&#8221;h3&#8243; text_size=&#8221;h3&#8243;]<span class=\"TextRun SCXW16660017 BCX0\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW16660017 BCX0\">Case: Deep Dive Balance Sheet Analysis General Electric<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW16660017 BCX0\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_custom_heading][vc_separator el_width=&#8221;22%&#8221; el_height=&#8221;2px&#8221;][vc_column_text]<span data-contrast=\"auto\">We are regularly consulted by investors on financial and balance sheet analysis issues. These are often analytical checks in advance of a planned investment. An interesting case of balance sheet analysis occurred on 15 August 2019, when a research report claimed that US heavyweight General Electric was hiding around USD 38 billion (around 40% of its market capitalisation at the time) in losses in its accounting figures. Despite its high liquidity and broad analyst coverage, General Electric shares lost 10% of their value on the day the report was published alone.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Shortly after the report was published, we were commissioned by investors to review the allegations from a balance sheet analysis perspective. While the report contained numerous allegations that could not be addressed by an external accounting analysis (a common phenomenon in such short seller reports), it also contained enough allegations that could be analysed. One of these claims concerned the consolidation of certain assets of a company called Baker Hughes. The report claimed that the assets should never have been consolidated. As a result of the erroneous consolidation, the report claimed that General Electric would have been able to recoup approximately USD 9 billion.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">We were able to confirm that this concern was unfounded (as well as a few others) after more in-depth analyses &#8211; at least as far as the accounting side was concerned. There was certainly no case of accounting fraud \u00e0 la Enron &#8211; as the report also claimed. However, we could not deny that General Electric was facing some fundamental economic difficulties at the time.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">A somewhat more in-depth technical presentation of our findings on this case can be found here: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/valuesque.com\/2019\/08\/30\/deep-dive-into-the-general-electric-markopolos-case-here-the-baker-hughes-accounting\/\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">https:\/\/valuesque.com\/2019\/08\/30\/deep-dive-into-the-general-electric-markopolos-case-here-the-baker-hughes-accounting\/<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\"> )<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_accordion][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Critical points:&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1680012289-1-3&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Balance sheet analysis beyond pure key figures<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Integrated analysis of the entire accounting system\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"1\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Corporate governance analysis<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Why us?&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1680012119-2-61&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">20+ years of experience in analysing IFRS annual reports<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">High-quality user expertise, membership of the Capital Market Advisory Committee (CMAC) and the EFRAG FR TEG.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"2\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"6\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Experience in the combination of balance sheet analysis and company valuation as well as investment decisions<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][vc_accordion_tab gutter_size=&#8221;2&#8243; column_padding=&#8221;2&#8243; title=&#8221;Literature &amp; Lectures&#8221; tab_id=&#8221;1750318663274-2-1&#8243;][vc_column_text]<b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Literature:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"8\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Meitner (2013): Multi-Period Asset Lifetimes and Accounting-Based Equity Valuation: Take Care with Constant-Growth Terminal Value Models!, Abacus 49 (3), p. 340ff.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Lectures &amp; Seminars:<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">4 April 2025: Forensic Financial Statement Analysis, EBS Business School, Wiesbaden.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">23 September 2023: Behind the Numbers &#8211; What Financial Statements hide (and how you can detect it), EBS Business School, Wiesbaden.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">6 July 2022, Governance and company valuation, Nuremberg Tax Talks, Online<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-leveltext=\"\uf0b7\" data-font=\"Symbol\" data-listid=\"3\" data-list-defn-props=\"{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;\uf0b7&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;multilevel&quot;}\" aria-setsize=\"-1\" data-aria-posinset=\"9\" data-aria-level=\"1\"><span data-contrast=\"auto\">29 March 2021: Expert Insights, Accounting and Business Valuation &#8211; How Accounting Information impacts Business Valuation in Practice, NACVA\/GACVA Around the Valuation World, Online.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_accordion_tab][\/vc_accordion][vc_row_inner limit_content=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fservices%2F|title:Services&#8221;]VIEW OUR SERVICES[\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fcontact%2F|title:contact&#8221;]CONTACT US![\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_button border_width=&#8221;0&#8243; link=&#8221;url:https%3A%2F%2Fvaluesque.com%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2F|title:About%20Us&#8221;]ABOUT US[\/vc_button][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row row_height_percent=&#8221;80&#8243; 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